PRINCIPAL PARTS OF EVERY VERB IN ECCE ROMANI I
| ATTENTION, VISITORS: This list contains forms found in various Latin dictionaries but not necessarily in Ecce Romani I. This is based on Mr. Abney's views on Latin principal parts. Forms as listed in the book are indicated in the footnotes at the bottom. Consult your own teacher about using all the 4th principal parts given here. |
| MODEL OF PRINCIPAL PARTS |
| Principal Part | Sample Form and Identification | Translation |
| 1st Principal Part | dīcō (1st person singular present active indicative) | I say / am saying / do say |
| 2nd Principal Part | dīcere (present active infinitive) | to say |
| 3rd Principal Part | dīxī (1st person singular perfect active indicative) | I said / did say / have said |
| 4th Principal Part | dictus (perfect passive participle) | having been said |
| FIRST CONJUGATION VERBS |
Memorize the irregular 1st Conjugation forms indicated by all capital letters. |
| accūsō |
accūsāre |
accūsāvī |
accūsātus |
| ADIUVŌ |
ADIUVĀRE |
ADIŪVĪ |
ADIŪTUS |
| aedificiō |
aedificāre |
aedificāvī |
aedificātus |
| ambulō |
ambulāre |
ambulāvī |
ambulātus1 |
| amō |
amāre |
amāvī |
amātus |
| appellō |
appellāre |
appellāvī |
appellātus |
| appropinquō |
appropinquāre |
appropinquāvī |
appropinquātus2 |
| cantō |
cantāre |
cantāvī |
cantātus |
| cēlō |
cēlāre |
cēlāvī |
cēlātus |
| cēnō |
cēnāre |
cēnāvī |
cēnātus |
| cessō |
cessāre |
cessāvī |
cessātus3 |
| clāmō |
clāmāre |
clāmāvī |
clāmātus |
| cōgitō |
cōgitāre |
cōgitāvī |
cōgitātus |
| convocō |
convocāre |
convocāvī |
convocātus |
| cūrō |
cūrāre |
cūrāvī |
cūrātus |
| dēlectō |
dēlectāre |
dēlectāvī |
dēlectātus |
| dēmōnstrō |
dēmōnstrāre |
dēmōnstrāvī |
dēmōnstrātus |
| dēsiderō |
dēsiderāre |
dēsiderāvī |
dēsiderātus |
| dēvorō |
dēvorāre |
dēvorāvī |
dēvorātus |
| DŌ |
DARE |
DEDĪ |
DATUS |
| errō |
errāre |
errāvī |
errātus4 |
| excitō |
excitāre |
excitāvī |
excitātus |
| exclāmō |
exclāmāre |
exclāmāvī |
exclāmātus |
| explicō |
explicāre |
explicāvī |
explicātus |
| exspectō |
exspectāre |
exspectāvī |
exspectātus |
| festīnō |
festīnāre |
festīnāvī |
festīnātus |
| habitō |
habitāre |
habitāvī |
habitātus |
| incitō |
incitāre |
incitāvī |
incitātus |
| interpellō |
interpellāre |
interpellāvī |
interpellātus |
| intrō |
intrāre |
intrāvī |
intrātus |
| labōrō |
labōrāre |
labōrāvī |
labōrātus |
| lacrimō |
lacrimāre |
lacrimāvī |
lacrimātus |
| lātrō |
lātrāre |
lātrāvī |
lātrātus5 |
| laudō |
laudāre |
laudāvī |
laudātus |
| LAVŌ |
LAVĀRE |
LĀVĪ |
LAUTUS |
| mōnstrō |
mōnstrāre |
mōnstrāvī |
mōnstrātus |
| mussō |
mussāre |
mussāvī |
mussātus |
| nārrō |
nārrāre |
nārrāvī |
nārrātus |
| nāvigō |
nāvigāre |
nāvigāvī |
nāvigātus6 |
| necō |
necāre |
necāvī |
necātus |
| observō |
observāre |
observāvī |
observātus |
| parō |
parāre |
parāvī |
parātus |
| pernoctō |
pernoctāre |
pernoctāvī |
pernoctātus |
| portō |
portāre |
portāvī |
portātus |
| praecipitō |
praecipitāre |
praecipitāvī |
praecipitātus |
| pugnō |
pugnāre |
pugnāvī |
pugnātus7 |
| purgō |
purgāre |
purgāvī |
purgātus |
| recuperō |
recuperāre |
recuperāvī |
recuperātus |
| revocō |
revocāre |
revocāvī |
revocātus |
| rogō |
rogāre |
rogāvī |
rogātus |
| saltō |
saltāre |
saltāvī |
saltātus8 |
| salūtō |
salūtāre |
salūtāvī |
salūtātus |
| servō |
servāre |
servāvī |
servātus |
| simulō |
simulāre |
simulāvī |
simulātus |
| spectō |
spectāre |
spectāvī |
spectātus |
| STŌ |
STĀRE |
STETĪ |
STATUS9 |
| temptō |
temptāre |
temptāvī |
temptātus |
| verberō |
verberāre |
verberāvī |
verberātus |
| VETŌ |
VETĀRE |
VETUĪ |
VETITUS |
| vexō |
vexāre |
vexāvī |
vexātus |
| vigilō |
vigilāre |
vigilāvī |
vigilātus10 |
| vīsitō |
vīsitāre |
vīsitāvī |
vīsitātus |
| vītō |
vītāre |
vītāvī |
vītātus |
SECOND CONJUGATION VERBS |
| admoveō | admovēre | admōvī | admōtus |
| appāreō |
appārēre |
appāruī |
-------11 |
| augeō |
augēre |
auxī |
auctus |
| caveō |
cavēre |
cāvī |
cautus |
| cēnseō |
cēnsēre |
cēnsuī |
cēnsus |
| dēbeō |
dēbēre |
dēbuī |
dēbitus12 |
| doceō |
docēre |
docuī |
doctus |
| doleō |
dolēre |
doluī |
-------13 |
| faveō |
favēre |
fāvī |
-------14 |
| gaudeō |
gaudēre |
(gāvīsus sum)15 |
| habeō |
habēre |
habuī |
habitus |
| haereō |
haerēre |
haesī |
-------16 |
| iaceō |
iacēre |
iacuī |
-------17 |
| iubeō |
iubēre |
iussī |
iussus |
| licet |
licēre |
licuit (impersonal: only 3rd sing.) |
| lūceō |
lūcēre |
lūxī |
------- (usually 3rd sing.) |
| maneō |
manēre |
mānsī |
mānsus18 |
| moveō |
movēre |
mōvī |
mōtus |
| noceō |
nocēre |
nocuī |
-------19 |
| obsideō |
obsidēre |
obsēdī |
obsessus |
| removeō |
removēre |
remōvī |
remōtus |
| respondeō |
respondēre |
respondī |
respōnsus20 |
| rīdeō |
rīdēre |
rīsī |
rīsus |
| sedeō |
sedēre |
sēdī |
sessus21 |
| soleō |
solēre |
(solitus sum)15 |
| stupeō |
stupēre |
stupuī |
------- |
| taceō |
tacēre |
tacuī |
tacitus |
| taedet |
taedēre |
taeduit / (taesum est)15 (impersonal: only 3rd sing.) |
| teneō |
tenēre |
tenuī |
tentus |
| terreō |
terrēre |
terruī |
territus |
| timeō |
timēre |
timuī |
------- |
| videō |
vidēre |
vīdī |
vīsus |
| THIRD CONJUGATION VERBS |
| accidō |
accidere |
accidī (only used in book in 3rd singular) |
| advesperāscit |
advesperāscere |
advesperāvit (only used in 3rd singular) |
| agnōscō |
agnōscere |
agnōvī |
agnitus |
| agō |
agere |
ēgī |
āctus |
| alō |
alere |
aluī |
al(i)tus |
| ascendō |
ascendere |
ascendī |
ascēnsus |
| cadō |
cadere |
cecidī |
cāsus22 |
| claudō |
claudere |
clausī |
clausus |
| colō |
colere |
coluī |
cultus |
| concidō |
concidere |
concidī |
------- |
| condō |
condere |
condidī |
conditus |
| condūcō |
condūcere |
condūxī |
conductus |
| cōnfīdō |
cōnfīdere |
(cōnfīsus sum)15 |
| cōnsidō |
cōnsidere |
cōnsēdī |
cōnsessus23 |
| cōnstituō |
cōnstituere |
cōnstituī |
cōnstitūtus |
| cōnsulō |
cōnsulere |
cōnsuluī |
cōnsultus |
| coquō |
coquere |
coxī |
coctus |
| currō |
currere |
cucurrī |
cursus24 |
| dēfendō |
dēfendere |
dēfendī |
dēfēnsus |
| dēscendō |
dēscendere |
dēscendī |
dēscēnsus |
| dēvertō |
dēvertere |
dēvertī |
dēversus |
| dīcō |
dīcere |
dīxī |
dictus |
| discēdō |
discēdere |
discessī |
discessus25 |
| dūcō |
dūcere |
dūxī |
ductus |
| emō |
emere |
ēmī |
emptus |
| extendō |
extendere |
extendī |
extentus |
| extrahō |
extrahere |
extrāxī |
extractus |
| gemō |
gemere |
gemuī |
gemitus |
| gerō |
gerere |
gessī |
gestus |
| induō |
induere |
induī |
indūtus |
| inūrō |
inūrere |
inussī |
inustus |
| lambō |
lambere |
lambī |
lambitus |
| legō |
legere |
lēgī |
lēctus |
| lūdō |
lūdere |
lūsī |
lūsus26 |
| mittō |
mittere |
mīsī |
missus |
| [This next verb is the ancient attested form of the verb presented as obdormiō in chapter 21.] |
| obdormīscō |
obdormīscere |
obdormīvī |
------- |
| occurrō |
occurere |
occurrī |
occursus27 |
| petō |
petere |
petīvī |
petītus |
| pluit |
pluere |
pluit / plūvit (usually only 3rd singular) |
| pōnō |
pōnere |
posuī |
positus |
| praecurrō |
praecurrere |
praecucurrī28/praecurrī |
praecursus29 |
| prōmittō |
prōmittere |
prōmīsī |
prōmissus |
| quiēscō |
quiēscere |
quiēvī |
quiētus30 |
| regō |
regere |
rēxī |
rēctus |
| relinquō |
relinquere |
relīquī |
relictus |
| repellō |
repellere |
reppulī |
repulsus |
| reprehendō |
reprehendere |
reprehendī |
reprehēnsus |
| scrībō |
scrībere |
scrīpsī |
scrīptus |
| stertō |
stertere |
stertuī |
------- |
| stringō |
stringere |
strīnxī |
strictus |
| sūmō |
sūmere |
sūmpsī |
sūmptus |
| surgō |
surgere |
surrēxī |
surrēctus31 |
| trādō |
trādere |
trādidī |
trāditus |
| trahō |
trahere |
trāxī |
tractus |
| tremō |
tremere |
tremuī |
------- |
| vertō |
vertere |
vertī |
versus |
| vincō |
vincere |
vīcī |
victus |
| THIRD--IŌ CONJUGATION |
| arripiō |
arripere |
arripuī |
arreptus |
| capiō |
capere |
cēpī |
captus |
| cōnficiō |
cōnficere |
cōnfēcī |
cōnfectus |
| coniciō |
conicere |
coniēcī |
coniectus |
| cōnspiciō |
cōnspicere |
cōnspexī |
cōnspectus |
| effugiō |
effugere |
effūgī |
effugitus32 |
| excipiō |
excipere |
excēpī |
exceptus |
| faciō |
facere |
fēcī |
factus |
| fugiō |
fugere |
fūgī |
fugitus33 |
| iaciō |
iacere |
iēcī |
iactus |
| īnspiciō |
īnspicere |
īnspexī |
īnspectus |
| olfaciō |
olfacere |
olfēcī |
olfactus |
| perficiō |
perficere |
perfēcī |
perfectus |
| FOURTH CONJUGATION VERBS |
| adveniō |
advenīre |
advēnī |
adventus34 |
| aperiō |
aperīre |
aperuī |
apertus |
| audiō |
audīre |
audīvī |
audītus |
| custōdiō |
custōdīre |
custōdīvī |
custōdītus |
| dormiō |
dormīre |
dormīvī |
dormītus35 |
| ēsuriō |
ēsurīre |
ēsurīvī |
-------36 |
| feriō |
ferīre |
ferīvī |
ferītus |
| fīniō |
fīnīre |
fīnīvī |
fīnītus |
| impediō |
impedīre |
impedīvī |
impedītus |
| inveniō |
invenīre |
invēnī |
inventus |
| nesciō |
nescīre |
nescīvī |
nescītus |
| [This next form from chapter 21 is unattested in ancient sources.] |
| obdormiō |
obdormīre |
obdormīvī |
obdormītus37 |
| pūniō |
pūnīre |
pūnīvī |
pūnītus |
| sciō |
scīre |
scīvī |
scītus |
| veniō |
venīre |
vēnī |
ventus38 |
| IRREGULAR VERBS |
| Memorize these forms. Pay special attention to the capitalized key verbs. |
| abeō |
abīre |
abiī / abīvī |
abitus39 |
| absum |
abesse |
āfuī |
-------40 |
| adsum |
adesse |
adfuī |
-------41 |
| circumeō |
circumīre |
circumiī / circumīvī |
circumitus |
| EŌ |
ĪRE |
IĪ / ĪVĪ |
ITUS42 |
| exeō |
exīre |
exiī / exīvī |
exitus43 |
| FERŌ |
FERRE |
TULĪ |
LĀTUS |
| NŌLŌ |
NŌLLE |
NŌLUĪ |
------- |
| POSSUM |
POSSE |
POTUĪ |
------- |
| praetereō |
praeterīre |
praeteriī / praeterīvī |
praeteritus |
| redeō |
redīre |
rediī / redīvī |
reditus44 |
| SUM |
ESSE |
FUĪ |
-------45 |
| VOLŌ |
VELLE |
VOLUĪ |
------- |
| FOOTNOTES |
| 1ambulō |
4th form in text: ambulātūrus |
| 2appropinquō |
4th form in text: appropinquātūrus |
| 3cessō |
4th form in text: cessātūrus |
| 4errō |
4th form in text: errātūrus |
| 5lātrō |
4th form in text: lātrātūrus |
| 6nāvigō |
4th form in text: nāvigātārus |
| 7pugnō |
4th form in text: pugnātūrus |
| 8saltō |
4th form in text: saltātūrus |
| 9stō |
4th form in text: statūrus |
| 10vigilō |
4th form in text: vigilātūrus |
| 11appāreō |
4th form in text: appāritūrus |
| 12dēbeō |
4th form in text: dēbitūrus |
| 13doleō |
4th form in text: dolitūrus |
| 14faveō |
4th form in text: fautūrus |
| 15Four verbs in this list form their perfect tenses in an unusual way: gaudeō / soleō / cōnfīdō / and one variation of the impersonal verb taedet. None of the 4th principal parts listed above occurs in the textbook. Instead of using the standard perfect endings + 3rd principal part, these verbs use a participial form + forms of sum. Participle forms change to match the number and gender of the subject of the sentence. Translate them just as you would any other perfect tense verb; do not translate the sum form. These verbs are called semideponent verbs. |
| SAMPLE SEMIDEPONENT VERB |
TRANSLATION |
| (The first form of the participle is masculine and the second feminine. There will obviously be no neuter possibilities for gaudeō since only males and females can rejoice.) |
| gāvīsus / gāvīsa sum |
(I rejoiced) |
| gāvīsus / gāvīsa es |
(you rejoiced) |
| gāvīsus / gāvīsa est |
(he rejoiced / she rejoiced) |
| gāvīsī / gāvīsae sumus |
(we rejoiced) |
| gāvīsī / gāvīsae estis |
(you rejoiced) |
| gāvīsī / gāvīsae sunt |
(they rejoiced) |
| 16haereō |
4th form in text: haesūrus |
| 17iaceō |
4th form in text: iacitūrus |
| 18maneō demonstrates the inconsistency of the principles behind Ecce Romani: in many books the 4th form is mānsūrus |
| 19noceō |
4th form in text: nocitūrus |
| 20respondeō |
4th form in text: respōnsūrus |
| 21sedeō |
4th form in text: sessūrus |
| 22cadō |
4th form in text: cāsūrus |
| 22cōnsīdō |
no 4th form in text |
| 24currō |
4th form in text: cursūrus |
| 25discēdō |
4th form in text: discessūrus |
| 26lūdō |
4th form in text: lūsūrus |
| 27occurrō |
4th form in text: occursūrus |
| 28praecurrō |
praecucurrī not in text; preferred by Lewis and Short |
| 29praecurrō |
4th form in text: praecursūrus |
| 30quiēscō |
4th form in text: quiētūrus |
| 31surgō |
4th form in text: surrēctūrus |
| 32effugiō |
no 4th form in text |
| 33fugiō |
no 4th form in text |
| 34adveniō |
4th form in text: adventūrus |
| 35dormiō |
4th form in text: dormītūrus |
| 36ēsuriō |
4th form in text: ēsuritūrus |
| 37obdormiō |
4th form in text: obdormītūrus |
| 38veniō |
4th form in text: ventūrus |
| 39abeō |
4th form in text: abitūrus |
| 40absum |
4th form in text: āfutūrus |
| 41adsum |
4th form in text: adfutūrus |
| 42eō |
4th form in text: itūrus |
| 43exeō |
4th form in text: exitūrus |
| 44redeō |
4th form in text: reditūrus |
| 45sum |
4th form in text: futūrus |
